Elvis Presleys Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elvis Presleys Photography - Essay Example This paper Elvis Presley‘s photography describes the importance of photography as a means of satisfaction to the person who is looking at the picture. Portraits of popular figures are more interesting to see than the stale photographs of oneself. You can keep on looking at a particular photo of your favorite sportsperson, maybe frame it on your wall, but you don’t usually keep the photo of your wedding in the bedroom. There’s also a section of society which exhibits family photographs in their offices for all to see. But the charm of a wall paper of Jane Seymour or Marilyn Monroe did a lot of good to boost the morale of the U. S. Army in Vietnam. But the beauty of portraits lies in the fact that they are meant more for entertainment than information, more for titillation than for satisfaction. The subjects of portraits know that the photographs are meant for public consumption and the public knows that the subjects know which makes the circles complete. However, i nformal portraits differ a great deal from formal ones for the simple reason that formal portraits are a bit boring. Thus the subjects of the portrait show obvious signs of unease. Except for a rare Lady Diana with her grace and charm, most of the subjects of portraits are awkward and uneasy, which impression leaps out of the photo to say, â€Å"I am doing this only because I have to be polite,† whereas informal portraits show people happy about just being themselves. This essay discusses the portraits one of the most famous men ever, Elvis Presley, the King.

The Cell Cycle Essay Example for Free

The Cell Cycle Essay I. Concept 12.1- Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells A. Overview 1) The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells or cell division. 2) The cell division process is an integral part of the cell cycle, the life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells. B. Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material 1) A cell’s endowment of DNA, its genetic information is called its genome. 2) Before the cell can divide to form genetically identical daughter cells, all of the DNA must be copied and then two copies separated so that each daughter cell ends up with a complete genome. 3) The replication and distribution of DNA is manageable because the DNA molecules are packaged into chromosomes. 4) The nuclei of a human somatic cell (all body cells except the reproductive cells) each contain 46 chromosomes made up of two sets of 23, one set inherited from each parent. 5) Reproductive cells or gametes-sperm and eggs-have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells, or only one set of 23 chromosomes. 6) Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of chromatin, a complex of DNA and associated protein molecules. C. Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division 1) After DNA duplication, the chromosomes condense: Each chromatin fiber becomes densely coiled and folded, making the chromosomes much shorter and thick. 2) Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids. The two chromatids, each containing an identical DNA molecule, are initially attached along their lengths by adhesive protein complexes called cohesins. This attachment is known as the sister chromatid cohesion. 3) The duplicated chromosome has a narrow waist at the centromere, a specialized region where the two chromatids are most closely attached. 4) Later in the cell division process, the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate and move into two new nuclei, one forming at each end of the cell. 5) Mitosis, the division of the nucleus is usually founded immediately by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm. 6) You produce gametes by a variation of cell division called meiosis, which yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes. II. Concept 12.2- The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle A. Phases of the Cell Cycle 1) The mitotic phase (M) phase, which includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, is usually the shortest part of the cell cycle. 2) Mitotic cell division alternates with a much longer stage called interphase, which often accounts for about 90% of the cell. It is during interphase that the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division. 3) Interphase can be divided into subphases: * G1 phase (â€Å"first gap†) * S phase (â€Å"synthesis†) * G2 phase (â€Å"second gap†) 4) Mitosis is conventionally broken down into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. B. The Mitotic Spindle 1) Many of the events in mitosis depend on the mitotic spindle, which begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase. This structure consists of fibers made from microtubules and associated proteins. 2) In animal cells, the assembly of spindle microtubules starts at the centrosome, a subcellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules. 3) An aster, a radial array of short microtubules. The spindle includes the centrosomes, the spindle microtubules, and the asters. 4) Each of the two sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome has a kinetochore, a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere. 5) During prometaphase, the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores which then moves the chromosomes toward the pole from which those microtubules extend. 6) At metaphase, the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosome are on a plane midway between the spindle’s two poles. This plane is called the metaphase plate. C. Cytokinesis 1) Cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage. The first sign of cleavage is the appearance of a cleavage furrow. 2) The contractile ring of actin microfilaments act as drawstrings. The cleavage furrow deepens, until the parent cell is split in two, creating two daughter cells. 3) In plant cells, vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell, where they coalesce, producing a cell plate. D. Binary Fission 1) The asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes includes mitosis and occurs by a type of cell division called binary fission, meaning â€Å"division in half†. 2) Prokaryotes also reproduce by binary fission, but the prokaryotic process does not involve mitosis. 3) In E. coli, the process of cell division is initiated when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome called the origin of replication, producing two origins. 4) The origin replicates while the other origin moves to the opposite end of the cell. The cell elongates and replication finishes and a new cell wall is deposited, which in result creates tow daughter cells. E. The Evolution of Mitosis 1) Since prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes, mitosis may have evolved from binary fission. 2) Certain protists exhibit types of cell division that seem intermediate between binary fission and mitosis. III. Concept 12.3-The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system A. Evidence for Cytoplasmic Signals 1) Hypothesis: The cell cycle is driven by specific signaling molecules present in the cytoplasm 2) Evidence comes from an experiment where they induced cultured mammalian cells at different phases of the cell cycle to fuse. B. The Cell Cycle Control System 1) The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct cell cycle control system, a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. 2) A checkpoint in the cell cycle is a control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle (using signal transduction pathways). 3) If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will usually complete the G1, S, G2, and M phases and divide. 4) If it does not receive a go-ahead signal at that point, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing state called the G0 phase. C. The Cell Cycle Clock: Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases 1) Rhythmic fluctuations in the abundance and activity if cell cycle control molecules pace the sequential events of the cell cycle. These regulatory molecules are mainly proteins of two types: protein kinases and cyclins. 2) Many of the kinases that drive the cell cycle are actually present at a constant concentration in the growing cell, but much of the time they are in inactive form. 3) To be active, such a kinase must be attached to a cyclin, a protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell. 4) Because of this requirement, these kinases are called cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks. 5) The activity of a Cdk fluctuates with changes in the concentration of its cyclin partner. 6) MPF (maturation-promoting factor) is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase D. Stop and Go Signs: Internal and External signals at the Checkpoints 1) An example of an internal signal is that kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase 2) A growth factor is a protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide. 3) Different cell types respond specifically to different growth factors or combinations of growth factors. For example, platelet-derived frpwth factor stimulates the division of a human. 4) The effect of an external physical factor on cell division is clearly seen in density-dependent inhibition, a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing. 5) Most animal cells also exhibit anchorage dependence. To divide the must be attached to a substratum, such as the inside of a culture jar or the extracellular matrix of a tissue. E. Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells 1) Cancer cells do not heed the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle. They divide excessively and invade other tissues. In addition to their lack of density-dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence, cancer cells do not stop dividing when growth factors are depleted. 2) A logical hypothesis is that cancer cells do not need growth factors in their culture medium to grow and divide. 3) The problem of cancer begins when a single cell in a tissue undergoes transformation, the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell. The body’s immune system normally recognizes a transformed cell as an insurgent and destroys it. 4) If the abnormal cells remain at the original site, the lump is called a benign tumor. 5) In contrast, a malignant tumor becomes invasive enough to impair the function of one or more organs. These tumors can proliferate and spread to locations distant from their original site in a process called metastasis.

Democracy is NOT Right for All Nations Essay -- Politics Government

Is Democracy the Right Thing For All Nations? No, Democracy is Not Right For All Nations. Merriam-Webster defines the word Democracy as a government by the people, rule of the majority, a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections. It is a government designed for the peoples choice for their ruling of themselves and others within their community or even nation over political, economic, and matters for the well being of their survival. A democracy is a great thing that can be perfected with a perfect nation, unfortunately a perfect nation is as hard to build and come by as a banana slug's climb is up the 1,860 steps of the Empire State Building in New York City. Democracy is not the best form of government for all nations. Nations can be divided into two separate categories when it comes to economically balanced countries, first-world countries and third-world countries. In a first-world country, such as the United States of America(democracy), Canada, Great Britain, and most of modern-day Europe, the country is "successful" in its attempts to survive with profitable results in keeping their countrymen without famine, wide-spread disease, and poverty by exporting more goods then they import and by having a governmental system that works for the people by means of the government looking out for them and having the welfare of people in mind. In a third-world country the economy is underdeveloped and basically has no where to go but up in that sense. These countries are poverty stricken, disease ridden, environmentally depleted, and full of war and violence deep within itself a... ... people things that sound unimaginable to them and will most likely get elected for it just so they could win with the race with the steroids of lies and deceit. Democracy is not a just thing for a nation like this. Our democratic society has reached a level of advancement in society, economy, and technology where we hold a standard to even the most basic things so how can a nation that would see a value meal from McDonalds as a 5-Star dinner survive under the same democracy we do? Democracy is a great thing and freedom, not even a question, but not all nations have the ability to use it, understand it, and fully reap its benefits. A democratic nation needs to have the knowledge to comprehend its economic problems and their solutions and the strength keep a firm hold of itself with the help of its people and as of know, not all nations are capable of doing that.

The Deadly Social Cloud Essay -- Smoking Tobacco Health Essays

The Deadly Social Cloud Our society is tormented everyday with a grave injustice. Americans must tolerate these hayness acts and must bear with them every single day of their lives. In regards to very strong complaints by common citizens all over the United States, laws have tried to stop certain acts that these heathens commit. I have thought out this problem in today’s society and have come up with a solution that can stop this crime throughout the United States. This social crime is that of smokers in every city of every state in the United States. Not only is the act of smoking disgusting, but also kills the person that is smoking and kills the people around that smoker. Smoking in social areas can cause everyone ill health like asthma, emphysema, lung cancer, and ultimately will cause a premature death to people who are exposed to them on an everyday basis. My plan can benefit society and the well being of the smoker and the people that are usually exposed to it. I propose that the smokers be given laws and punishments that will eventually stop them from smoking and help the common citizen to live much healthier and longer lives. These punishments will consist of three parts, fine and jail, beaten and slapped, and finally demoralized and executed. These murderous tyrants must be stopped as soon as possible and my plan will do that. Since cigarettes are the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States, the act of smoking should be seen as the same as homicide. Although it takes longer to kill a person by smoking, it will eventually lead to death just the same. A study from the American Lung Association states that for every six people that die from cigarette related deaths around the world; one of them is an American. In the United States, cigarettes are the cause of one in every five deaths. According to a U.S. Surgeon General's report, cigarettes contain four thousand chemicals and at least forty distinct cancer-causing chemicals. This should constitute cigarettes as a deadly weapon and the person who is smoking will be convicted for attempted murder if any person is around him or her. My plan consists of three very efficient punishments to stop cigarette smoking. First time offence by a tyrannous smoker will be arrested and jailed for a minimum of thirty days and a maximum of one year depending of how many people were around that ... ...e human rights of the victims around them? Are they not aloud to have healthy long lives? I say that the right to survive for the majority of the population is much more important than the rights of a so-called human being that tries to commit suicide and kill everyone else with them. Not only are adults affected, but children are also affected by cigarette smoke. Does the future for our children out way the rights for a smoker? I say it does undoubtedly. My three-step solution to first fine and jail, second to beat and slap, and thirdly to demoralize and execute will stop all use and production of tobacco if enabled and enforced. I am a nonsmoker who has lost an aunt to this white shroud of death. Due to the effects of second hand smoke over the years my aunt acquired lung cancer at the age of twenty-four, she later died at the age of twenty-eight. Because of this fact I must strongly insist on starting my proposal as soon as possible to save the American population and the future for our children and our grandchildren. My proposal will greatly enhance the living environment for all people, in every city around the United States and ensure the quality of living for the future.

Steps of Coducting an Audit

I sincerely hope that this assignment meets your approval and demonstrates my ability to resent assignments. If you require further clarification, I will be happy to contact you according to your convenience. Sincerely, Ishrat Nahid ID: 0930183 Executive Summery An auditor is an official whose Job it is to carefully check the accuracy of business records. An auditor can be either an independent auditor unaffiliated with the company being audited or a captive auditor, and some are elected public officials. Auditors are used to ensure that organizations are maintaining accurate and honest financial records and statements.In this report I have written about the plan of audit and the importance of ndependence of auditors. Planning the audit is an important step to conduct the audit. Auditor uses different planning methods to determine risk assessment, assessment of internal controls etc. The auditor either internal or external cannot complete all the aspects of the audit in one year. The auditors plan the audit is such a way they can cover the audit over a period of time. Auditor independence is one of the most important issues in accounting practice today.Independence increases the effectiveness of the audit by providing assurance that the auditor will plan and execute the audit objectively. High-quality audits enhance the reliability of the financial reporting process by investors and other users. Topic 1. Planning of audit 15- 163. References Page no 5-14 2. Independence of auditor 17 audit report Planning refers to the process of deciding what to do and how to do it. Planning involves selecting mission and objective and the actions to achieve them; it requires decision making that is, choosing from among alternative future course of actions.Plans thus provide a rational approach to achieving reselected objectives. Planning is an intellectually demanding process; it requires that we consciously determine ourses of action and base our decisions on purpose, knowle dge and considered estimates. An audit plan is the specific guideling to be followed when conducting an internal or external audit. Internal audits are usually conducted by a company's accounting staff and are primarily used for a management review of accounting process.External audits are conduct by external public accounting firms or private certified accountants (CPA) to ensure outside stakeholders that the company's financial information is prepared in accordance with that Jurisdiction's accepted accounting principles. External audit usually use a formal audit plan for auditors to follow when conducting audits. Audit planning improves the quality of audit work. It is necessary for an effective, efficient and timely audit. Adequate audit planning establishes the right means to achieve the objectives of audit.It helps in identifying potential problems and ensures that work is completed expeditiously. An audit plan does help the auditor not only to understand the scope of audit but also facilities smooth conduct of audit. Auditors use five types of test to determine whether financial statements are fairly stated: rocedures to obtain understanding of internal control, tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions, analytical procedures and tests of details of balances. All audit procedures fall into one or more than one of these five categories.By these tests detection risk reduces and effectiveness of internal control has increase. Five types of tests are firstly, update and evaluate the auditor's previous experience with the entity. Secondly, make inquiries of client personnel. Thirdly, read client's policy and systems manuals. Fourthly, examine documents and records. Fifthly, observe entity and operations. A meaningful audit plan considers some basic steps. If these basic steps are the minimal possible time. Step 1: Talk to the client The auditor discusses the nature of the engagement and the client's business and industry trends at the beginning of planning.Insights gained from this discussion help the au ditor navigate through the remainder of the audit planning procedures. These insights set the stage for an active two way communication process that result in a fully engaged audi tor. Step 2: Obtaining background information An extensive understanding of the clients business and industry and knowledge bout the company's operations are essential for doing an adequate audit. The auditor asks about recent developments in the company that may cause the audit to differ from prior years.Developments such as mergers, new locations or new product lines may have a significant impact on the audit plan for the current year. These discussions take place at the client 10 cation. Going on site provides the auditor the opportunity to meet with key employees or new employees and to see for him or herself any changes in the overall operations of the client. Step 3: Prepare A Complete list of items needed from the client Before starting uditi ng auditors require samples, documents and many other papers those auditors need to audit.A meaningful audit plan pro vides an updated list of client-prepared items that considers the following: New schedules because of changed risk profiles at the client New schedules resulting from a change in audit ap proach Example schedules and templates so the client prepares them in the auditors desired format Insertion of due dates for each schedule that has been agreed to by the client For larger clients, insert the name of a person respon Sible for the completion of the schedule that has been agreed to by the client

Free Essays on Medias Advertisement Of Terrorism

Media’s Advertisement of Terrorism The media’s widespread view on terrorism as increased dramatically in the recent years, though terrorism itself has gotten neither better nor worse. Since terrorist attacks have been more publicized people have fear more in spite of the fact that terrorists have been doing similar attacks for many years. In viewing the propaganda the media has put out on terrorism it is to no surprise people are reacting the way they are. After the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 commonly known as 9-11, the media’s coverage of terrorism seemed as if to quadruple, and in that people’s views of minorities, mainly those who look to originate of the Middle East, also quadrupled. People’s assumptions took them for granted saying that, â€Å"the attackers of 9-11 were Middle Eastern and therefore all Middle Easterns are terrorists,† which as educated humans know is to be false. There is the correlation that the attackers of 9-11 were Middle Eastern but does not fit the reversal saying that all Middle Easterns are terrorists, and yet people took violence to people whom are Middle Eastern. For example after the attacks on 9-11 there was several reports violence against Arab Americans (1). New York citizens, according to Dr. Dave Yount a Philosopher at Mesa Community College, were acting out of emotion instead of reason, similar to the views of Immanuel Kant on individual rel ativism(2). And therefore weren’t acting in a rational manor and unjustly took offense to those Arab Americans who were innocent. But as the media has â€Å"enlightened† the viewers as to how horrible terrorists are and their origin they try to complete their own puzzle by acting in violence to those who â€Å"could be† harmful to American views and ways of life. But why does it take a dramatic hit like 9-11 to get Americans thinking about how bad terrorism is? Back in 1995 when Timothy McVeigh bombed the Murrah buildin... Free Essays on Media's Advertisement Of Terrorism Free Essays on Media's Advertisement Of Terrorism Media’s Advertisement of Terrorism The media’s widespread view on terrorism as increased dramatically in the recent years, though terrorism itself has gotten neither better nor worse. Since terrorist attacks have been more publicized people have fear more in spite of the fact that terrorists have been doing similar attacks for many years. In viewing the propaganda the media has put out on terrorism it is to no surprise people are reacting the way they are. After the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 commonly known as 9-11, the media’s coverage of terrorism seemed as if to quadruple, and in that people’s views of minorities, mainly those who look to originate of the Middle East, also quadrupled. People’s assumptions took them for granted saying that, â€Å"the attackers of 9-11 were Middle Eastern and therefore all Middle Easterns are terrorists,† which as educated humans know is to be false. There is the correlation that the attackers of 9-11 were Middle Eastern but does not fit the reversal saying that all Middle Easterns are terrorists, and yet people took violence to people whom are Middle Eastern. For example after the attacks on 9-11 there was several reports violence against Arab Americans (1). New York citizens, according to Dr. Dave Yount a Philosopher at Mesa Community College, were acting out of emotion instead of reason, similar to the views of Immanuel Kant on individual rel ativism(2). And therefore weren’t acting in a rational manor and unjustly took offense to those Arab Americans who were innocent. But as the media has â€Å"enlightened† the viewers as to how horrible terrorists are and their origin they try to complete their own puzzle by acting in violence to those who â€Å"could be† harmful to American views and ways of life. But why does it take a dramatic hit like 9-11 to get Americans thinking about how bad terrorism is? Back in 1995 when Timothy McVeigh bombed the Murrah buildin...

Free Essays on Paradise Lost And Free Will

It has been said many times over the history of religion that God’s greatest gift to man kind is that of free will. In Paradise Lost we hear the story of the beginning of man kind’s journey with free will. It can be said that all human beings have free will to choose what they want to. If there is free will yet no temptation, is that truley free will? In the story we see many examples of man, women, Satan, and god having to choose between options that lay before them. Satan chooses to fight God and to be banished, as well as his choice to act his revenge out on human kind. Human kind has many free will choices to make trough out the story. We can even go as far as to look at God as having free will to allow many of these events to happen. The choices that are made bring us to the root of the topic free will and temptation. The fact remains that if there is no choice of temptation, then the idea of free will does not exist. Satan does have free will to choose what he wishes. He chooses to rage war against God because God did not choose him for a promotion of sorts â€Å"Lifted up so high I’sdeigned subjection and thought one step higher Would set me high’st and in a moment quit The debt immense of endless gratitude So burdensome-still paying! Still to owe!†(4.49-56.p.79). After being cast down to hell Satan and his fallen comrades choose to wreak havoc on human kind to get their revenge on God â€Å",this place may lie exposed, The utmost border of His kingdom left To their defense who hold it. Here perhaps Some advantageous act may be achieved By sudden onset, either with Hell fire To waste His whole creation or possess All as our own and drive, as we were driven, The puny habitants, or if not drive Seduce them to our party that their God May prove their foe and with repenting hand Abolish His own works. This would surpass Common revenge and interrupt His joy† (2.362-371.P.... Free Essays on Paradise Lost And Free Will Free Essays on Paradise Lost And Free Will It has been said many times over the history of religion that God’s greatest gift to man kind is that of free will. In Paradise Lost we hear the story of the beginning of man kind’s journey with free will. It can be said that all human beings have free will to choose what they want to. If there is free will yet no temptation, is that truley free will? In the story we see many examples of man, women, Satan, and god having to choose between options that lay before them. Satan chooses to fight God and to be banished, as well as his choice to act his revenge out on human kind. Human kind has many free will choices to make trough out the story. We can even go as far as to look at God as having free will to allow many of these events to happen. The choices that are made bring us to the root of the topic free will and temptation. The fact remains that if there is no choice of temptation, then the idea of free will does not exist. Satan does have free will to choose what he wishes. He chooses to rage war against God because God did not choose him for a promotion of sorts â€Å"Lifted up so high I’sdeigned subjection and thought one step higher Would set me high’st and in a moment quit The debt immense of endless gratitude So burdensome-still paying! Still to owe!†(4.49-56.p.79). After being cast down to hell Satan and his fallen comrades choose to wreak havoc on human kind to get their revenge on God â€Å",this place may lie exposed, The utmost border of His kingdom left To their defense who hold it. Here perhaps Some advantageous act may be achieved By sudden onset, either with Hell fire To waste His whole creation or possess All as our own and drive, as we were driven, The puny habitants, or if not drive Seduce them to our party that their God May prove their foe and with repenting hand Abolish His own works. This would surpass Common revenge and interrupt His joy† (2.362-371.P....

People Who Can Help You on Election Day

People Who Can Help You on Election Day When voters walk into a busy polling place on election day, they see a vast array of people, most of them rushing around, doing lots of different things. Who are these people and what is their function in the election? Besides (hopefully) lots of other voters waiting to vote, youll see: Poll Workers These people are here to help you vote. They check voters in, making sure they are registered to vote and are at the correct polling place. They hand out ballots and show voters where to deposit their ballots after voting. Perhaps most importantly, poll workers can show voters how to use the particular type of voting device being used. If you have any problems using the voting machines or are not sure how to use the machine to complete your ballot, by all means, ask a poll worker. Poll workers either volunteer or are paid a very small stipend. They are not full-time government employees. They are people who are donating their time to help make sure elections are conducted fairly and efficiently. If you run into any problems while voting or waiting to vote, ask a poll worker to help you. If you make a mistake while filling out your ballot, let a poll worker know before you leave the polling place. The poll worker can give you a new ballot. Your old ballot will either be destroyed or placed in a separate ballot box for damaged or incorrectly marked ballots. Election judges At most polling places, there will be one or two election officials or election judges. Some states require one Republican and one Democratic election judge at each polling place. Election judges ensure that the election is conducted fairly. They settle disputes over voter qualification and identification, deal with damaged and incorrectly marked ballots and take care of any other issues involving interpretation and enforcement of election laws. In states that allow Election Day voter registration, election judges also register new voters on Election Day. Election judges officially open and close the polling place and are responsible for the safe and secure delivery of sealed ballot boxes to the vote counting facility after the polls close. As regulated by state laws, election judges are chosen by a board of elections, county official, city or town official, or state official. If an election judge appears to be â€Å"too young to vote† to you, 41 of 50 states allow high school students to serve as election judges or poll workers, even when the students are not yet old enough to vote. Laws in these states typically require that students selected as election judges or poll workers be at least 16 years of age and in good academic standing at their schools.   Other Voters Hopefully, you will see many other voters inside the polling place, waiting their turn to vote. Once inside the polling place, voters may not try to convince others how to vote. In some states, such politicking is prohibited both inside and outside within a certain distance of the doors of the polling place. Exit Poll Takers Especially at lager precincts, exit poll takers, usually representing the media, may ask people leaving the polling place which candidates they voted for. Voters are NOT required to respond to exit poll takers.

EBay Stock Option Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EBay Stock Option Plans - Essay Example When the figures are compared between the two methods, the figure that denotes eBay’s unprofitable operations can be turned to a profitable one with the choice of the accounting method. Thus, ethical considerations which should be based on accurate reporting of its performance to its investors, are of little importance to eBay in choosing the method for reporting its options. Certain financial considerations seem to play part in the choice of eBay’s financial reporting for stock options. As the choice will impact a handful of items in the financial statements of the company, financial considerations seem to be very relevant as for eBay’s choice of intrinsic value over fair market value (Bradshaw 2004, 3). According to an article from Darden Business Publishing, University of Virginia, the main advantage of choosing intrinsic value over fair market value is that firms will not record compensation expense when the market price is equal to the exercise price (2004, 12). This gives a firm a significant financial advantage as it reduces the effect of compensation expenses to the company’s operating expenses, which then affects the company’s net income. When a company like eBay can choose to report its stock options based on the intrinsic value method, it is required to put footnotes in order to show the figures if fair market value method is used for financial reporting. However, because this is just a footnote and does not require recognition in the financial statements of the company, the choice has some strong relevance to the financial considerations that are associated with it. According to the article from the University of Virginia, the shift from intrinsic value to fair market value method of reporting stock options will impact eBay’s financial statements by recognizing a deferred tax asset for the estimated future benefit, which will

Business Foundation Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Foundation Management - Assignment Example It jacked up it prices by 60% because of the deal they made with Hollywood (Sandoval 1). The deal was that Netflix was to pay a specific amount of money for every user per month for any user who had the right of connecting to the Hollywood content. This was regardless of whether they Netflix consumers viewed that content or not. Therefore, Netflix could not afford the luxury of paying for the digital content for individuals who were not watching it. The organisation argued that it was not cost of living increase and nor was it inflation. Regardless of the fact the analysts argued that the new hike in prices by Netflix was because of the new studio contracts, Netflix maintained the contracts had nothing to do with it. It also maintained that neither was it the high costs of doing business had caused it to hike the prices. In the Netflix’s blog, they say that when they launched their $7.99 unlimited streaming plan, whereby DVDs by mail were treated as a two dollar adds on to their unlimited streaming plan (Sandoval 1). In that previous year, the management had not anticipated offering DVD-only plans. Thereafter, they realised that there was still a very large continuing demand for DVDS. This was from both their existing member and the non-members. They continue to argue that, given the long life they thought that DVDs by mail were going to have, treating DVDs a two dollar add on their unlimited streaming plan was neither making great financial sense not satisfies the individuals who just want DVDs. Netflix mana gement argued that creating an unlimited DVDs by mail plan whereby it did not include streaming at their normal prices, which were very low, $7.99, it did not make any sense (Sandoval 1). In addition, they stated that it would not ensure a long life for their DVDS by mail offering. The most argument that comes regarding this decision was that the price hike was mostly to force the millions of Netflix’s members and non-members to go for

The Death Penalty in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Death Penalty in the United States - Essay Example One of the main arguments for the death penalty is that it deters crime. The death penalty is a harsh punishment as it condemns one to die hence a rational human being would rather avoid committing such an offense for fear of death. It instills fear in potential criminals, therefore, making them avoid the crime and a result, murder rate declines. A research carried out by the University of Colorado on the relationship between executions, pardons, and homicides in 2003 revealed that for each additional execution deterred five murders while each commutation reduced deterrence and produced five additional murders. This shows that punishment by the death penalty is more effective in deterring crime. However, opponents would argue that death penalty has no effect on crime since those regions which have long abolished death penalty such as the south have lower crime rates than those currently using it. Assuming they are right, this justifies death penalty as a deterrence for crime as it me ans those areas have high rates of crime hence death penalty is needed. Moreover, the variations may be caused by other factors such as educational level and economic prosperity of such regions which has a direct relation to the crime rate. For example, according to Banner, people of the south originated from violence prone areas and wealth was unevenly distributed hence at the initial stages they were using the death penalty to deter all sorts of crime. Another argument in support of crime deterrence is that death penalty incapacitates offenders. ... This shows that punishment by death penalty is more efficient in deterring crime. However, opponents would argue that death penalty has no effect on crime since those regions which have long abolished death penalty such as the south have lower crime rates than those currently using it. Assuming they are right, this justifies death penalty as a deterrence for crime as it means those areas have high rates of crime hence death penalty is needed. Moreover, the variations may be caused by other factors such as educational level and economic prosperity of such regions which has direct relation to crime rate. For example, according to Banner (6), people of the south originated from violence prone areas and wealth was unevenly distributed hence at the initial stages they were using death penalty to deter all sorts of crime. Another argument in support of crime deterrence is that death penalty incapacitates offenders. The death of a first-degree murderer means fewer crimes will be committed a s the individual is not able to commit the crime again. Cassell (183) noted that a murderer who had been convicted and given a death sentence but escaped when the state abolished death penalty committed more of such crimes thereafter such as rape and murder. If he had been hanged, those crimes against innocent citizens would have been avoided. However, opponents advocate for life imprisonment without parole to enable the offender to get rehabilitated and change hence reduce crime (Guernsey, 2010). Walker (10) argues that contrary to popular belief, death penalty is justified in the sense that according to public opinion, many citizens of US even in states where death penalty was abolished are in favour of it as a punishment

Business Schools and Responsibility for Preventing Financial Crisis Essay

Business Schools and Responsibility for Preventing Financial Crisis - Essay Example are currently facing. But it has been argued by several observers that the business schools have failed to provide preventive measures for current global financial crises. These observers have argued that lack of relevance of these business schools, showing unethical behaviour of these business schools and creating negative impacts on the people and firms or business organisations are creating barriers for providing preventive measures in favour of prevention of current financial crises. Many observers have argued that managers after getting passed out from the best business schools do the same job in banking sectors or in the share markets which can be done by people having no background of studying in business schools (Canals, 2009, pp.42-43). These managers are adding nothing new in these sectors. Business schools bear a certain responsibility for (not preventing) the current financial crisis. Nature of current financial crises: Almost all the economies of the world are facing pro blems in regard to their economic growth process due to the prevalence of financial crises that these economies are facing mainly since 2006-07. ... These are resulting in further decline in global income and hence decline in people’s purchasing power. According to many researchers, including Noble laureate Paul Krugman, these global financial crises are results of poor and ineffective banking and financial system of the developed economies of the world like European economies and mainly American economy. According to Paul Krugman the banking and financial system of these economies has been largely dependent upon the free market forces. These banking and financial systems had no control over the funds or assets which are circulating in the global economy. They became more and more concerned about creating new funds and hence they have started to provide more and more loans to people and business organisations. But when one defaulter defaults to pay his loan, the entire system collapsed due to the fact that the structure of providing loans was dependent on multiple layers. When one lower level of layer collapsed, the entire structure first became unstable and then it collapsed. But the most notable impact has been realised when there occurred a significant reduction in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the major global economies of the world, mainly in the European countries. Between 2009 and 2010 rate of fall of GDP in the countries of the European Union has been estimated as 4%. This high rate of fall of GDP forces many countries of the European Union, such as Greece, Portugal, Italy and Spain, to take loans from International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. These nations are also forced by these international organisations to curb down their public spending on different goods and services, including production and consumption expenditures. In this context these countries cut down

Hotel Restaurant Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Hotel Restaurant Management - Research Paper Example Marketing is often a very important part of restaurant management in a hotel environment, as it must become possible to persuade customers of many different lifestyles and backgrounds to choose the in-house restaurant over other external competition. As a manager, it is more than merely ensuring that productivity is high and employee responsibilities are met properly, it is a complicated process that requires ongoing dedication toward building a positive image for the organization in the eyes of customers, employees, and those in higher levels of executive authority. This paper describes several of the different activities that hotel restaurant managers undertake in their roles of leadership, showing how the external environment is strongly linked to the internal environment in order to make every aspect of the restaurant superior to competing food organizations. In addition, the relationship between the manager as a human resources leader and a tangible, cost-focused manager are des cribed. A diverse global travel agency affiliated with AAA Travel, Insight Premium Escorted Vacations, offers, â€Å"great vacations are measured in moments, not miles† (IPEV, 2007, p.10). This statement essentially attempts to offer that regardless of the distance of origin for the travelling consumer, they will remember their experience by their direct contact with those in the hospitality industry and how they perceive quality in each interaction with hotel staff and other in-house representatives. Hotel restaurant managers are exposed to a large volume of different clients who each have different goals for satisfying their vacation or other travel needs. Many of these consumers come from international locations, with widely different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Some of these clients, depending on the cost and reputation of

Business Schools and Responsibility for Preventing Financial Crisis Essay

Business Schools and Responsibility for Preventing Financial Crisis - Essay Example are currently facing. But it has been argued by several observers that the business schools have failed to provide preventive measures for current global financial crises. These observers have argued that lack of relevance of these business schools, showing unethical behaviour of these business schools and creating negative impacts on the people and firms or business organisations are creating barriers for providing preventive measures in favour of prevention of current financial crises. Many observers have argued that managers after getting passed out from the best business schools do the same job in banking sectors or in the share markets which can be done by people having no background of studying in business schools (Canals, 2009, pp.42-43). These managers are adding nothing new in these sectors. Business schools bear a certain responsibility for (not preventing) the current financial crisis. Nature of current financial crises: Almost all the economies of the world are facing pro blems in regard to their economic growth process due to the prevalence of financial crises that these economies are facing mainly since 2006-07. ... These are resulting in further decline in global income and hence decline in people’s purchasing power. According to many researchers, including Noble laureate Paul Krugman, these global financial crises are results of poor and ineffective banking and financial system of the developed economies of the world like European economies and mainly American economy. According to Paul Krugman the banking and financial system of these economies has been largely dependent upon the free market forces. These banking and financial systems had no control over the funds or assets which are circulating in the global economy. They became more and more concerned about creating new funds and hence they have started to provide more and more loans to people and business organisations. But when one defaulter defaults to pay his loan, the entire system collapsed due to the fact that the structure of providing loans was dependent on multiple layers. When one lower level of layer collapsed, the entire structure first became unstable and then it collapsed. But the most notable impact has been realised when there occurred a significant reduction in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the major global economies of the world, mainly in the European countries. Between 2009 and 2010 rate of fall of GDP in the countries of the European Union has been estimated as 4%. This high rate of fall of GDP forces many countries of the European Union, such as Greece, Portugal, Italy and Spain, to take loans from International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. These nations are also forced by these international organisations to curb down their public spending on different goods and services, including production and consumption expenditures. In this context these countries cut down

Aggregate planning in manufacturing and aggregate planning in services Assignment

Aggregate planning in manufacturing and aggregate planning in services - Assignment Example Companies dealing in manufacturing processes use a variety of strategies. The most common methods are the Level plans or the Chase strategies (Maropoulos, McKay & Bramall, 2002). The Chase method entails corresponding capacity and demand depending on the market situations. This method triggers a significant movement of human resource, increased costs associated with inventory carriage and labor union issues associated with human resource movement. This method ensures minimal inventory levels, saving large sums of money for the company. The Level method entails a constant production level, not dependent on the demand levels in the market. Companies that apply this method, therefore, maintain a constant employment rate. Organizations are, therefore, able to control inventory depending on market demand forecasts or future anticipations. Service provision does not involve tangible goods and, therefore, does not involve inventory accumulation. Organizations that provide services do not have the luxury of adjusting their "inventories" in periods of low or high demand. Therefore, services are regarded as fragile or consumables, whereby the services available but unused are regarded as wasted. A good example is in the transport industry, where companies offer bus services between destinations. An empty seat cannot be sold to another individual at a later period, and therefore considered as wasted. Aggregate planning is best suited for the manufacturing industry because organizations have the capability to create, hold and put up for sale stock at any period. On the other hand, aggregate planning in service provision varies significantly because services cannot be stocked. Both the capacity and the demand for service provision are difficult to assess and predict respectively. Labor is regarded as the most limiting factor in service

Personal life Essay Example for Free

Personal life Essay Quote I chose the quote â€Å"You also have to take time to think about why it is the right thing† this quote with the context of the text is certainly true. Just because all the people including your parents act in certain ways for specific situations, it doesn ´t mean that it ´s the right thing to do. And if you act like you have always seen just to follow everybody else, in my opinion is worst, because you don ´t even know if that actions are the right thing to do, you are just doing what â€Å"everybody does† and for me that is worst than thinking about the situation, taking your own decision, and then if you made it wrong, that helps you learning about good and bad decisions by your own, then you can judge another people decisions, because you have already analyze different situations by your own. Personal Case In the part of the text that shows some examples of ethical dilemmas, the one that says â€Å"should I extend the life of my beloved pet, or should I put an end to its increasing suffering by having it put to sleep?† This reminds me of a pet my dad loved, its name was Toby, it was a little Fox Terrier my dad bought like 10 years ago, it was a very healthy dog, but then when he started getting older, a ball started growing in his throat, so he started having eating and breathing problems, we took him to the vet, and he told us that he had a type of cancer, so he recommended us to put it to sleep, but my father refused. Toby started being skinner, and one day we found him dead in the garden. Maybe I would preferred having it put to sleep, that make him and my dad suffer, because every time my dad saw Toby, he was very sad because of its condition. Main Points This article wants us to understand what ethics is, the main point of it is realize that ethics is present everyday in every activity we do during the day. Also its purpose is to show us some ethic dilemmas to identify whether we have been part of something similar. At the end this article what’s us to realize that we have to take control of our lives, and our ethic decisions, because doing the things just because always he have done it like this, it doesn ´t mean it is the right thing to do.

Relationship Between Microfinance And Nigerias Economic Growth Economics Essay

Relationship Between Microfinance And Nigerias Economic Growth Economics Essay ABSTRACT Microfinance has over the years been associated with eradicating poverty, and consequently improving the standard of living of the less privileged members of a society, and rubbing on positively on the nations economy. This dissertation aims at exploring the impact microfinance has on economic growth, considering a specific case of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Due to the fact that this area of study has not witnessed so much research in the past, this work seeks to come up with an approach where the different links between microfinance and economic growth can be discovered and studied. Since most societies, especially the developing ones usually experience the presence of two types of financial system, the formal and the informal one under which microfinance falls, this will also be taken into consideration. The first hypothesis to be considered has to do with the micro level and this examines the relationship between microfinance and the financial system. The Second hypothesis h as to do with the macro level and examines the relationship between the financial system and economic growth, while the third one links the previous two, by checking the relationship between microfinance and economic development. Keywords: Microfinance; Economic Growth; Financial System; Nigeria INTRODUCTION Microfinance Institutions are financial organisations licensed to provide micro-savings, micro-credit, and micro-insurance in an economy. They operate in the informal sector of the financial system and are the major source of fund-provider for the medium, small and micro-enterprises. The basics of microfinance is the fact that the poor cannot access a loan from a bank of any reasonable commercial source, that is why Microfinance Institutions go out to the villages, meet with the poor who are encouraged to form an association, they give them micro-credits and sometimes even give them trainings to help them make the best use of the loan accessed (Mohammed and Hasan, 2008). The methodology used by most micro-finance institutions to make loan is that they gather people into trust groups and meet weekly. These groups assume joint liability and joint guarantee on loans extended to any member of the trust unit and this invariably helps in reducing incidence of defaults and bad loans. Most Micro-Finance Institutions enjoy a high repayment rate. It should also be noted that majority of microfinance customers are women who also make up a greater percentage of the worlds poor, and also experience a very high rate of unemployment; and sadly in most cases are responsible for providing for and taking care of their families. Nigeria with a GDP-real growth rate of 5 %( 2009 est.), remains a major player in the African economy but her population of about 149, 299,090(sourced from CIA-The world fact book), which is the largest in Africa, has about half of it living in poverty. However, since the introduction of microfinance in the country, an increase has been noticed both in the growth of the economy and also in the increase in number of microfinance institutions. The Central Bank of Nigeria is saddled with the responsibility of issuing banking license and supervision of banks in the country, Micro-finance Institutions inclusive. LITERATURE REVIEW Microfinance, through its provision of financial services to the poor can influence economic growth by encouraging savings, giving out loans for feasible investments, provision of free advisory services to new clients on how best to invest, and also to those with long standing relationship, on how to increase the marginal productivity of capital (Pagano, 1993). A lot of studies have been carried out on the relationship between financial development and economic growth. King and Levine(1993) are in support of the view that financial development leads to economic growth and in their visit on Joseph Schumpeters work pointed out that banking institution through their provision of funds for productive investments are of great importance to economic growth(Schumpeter, 1911 cited in King and Levine, 1993). Greenwood and Jovanovic(1990) suggested that the relationship between financial development and economic growth is mutual, while Khan,(1999) who is of a similar opinion explains further that economic growth create financial development which in turns helps in sustaining the growth. Qayyum et al.,(2007?) are of the opinion that direct finance has a significant positive relationship with economic growth. The availability of funds to the poor increases production and output, this also leads to an increases in the demand for more financial services (micro-savings and micro-insurance), which positively affects financial development and sets the economy on the path of growth(Khan, 2008).It can then be said that availability of funds generates enterprise, enterprise generates finance flow, finance flow generates financial development, while financial development generates economic growth. De Gregorio and Guidotti(1995) also argued that financial development leads to improved economic growth, especially when funds are efficiently invested. However, Kemal, et al.,(2004) do not regard finance(micro-finance inclusive) as an important determinant of economic growth and Lucas(1988) even referred to it as overstressed, while Levine(1997) sees financial institutions as more harmful to a nations economic growth. This led to a call for redefinition and the use of appropriate measure of estimation of the relationship between financial development and economic growth and development of financial intermediaries by Bencivenga and Smith(1991). The main objective of Microfinance is to raise income, by encouraging private sector activity through the provision of micro-credit to micro and small scale entrepreneurs ((Aghion and Morduch, 2000)). In a study conducted by Chua et al.,(2000), they noticed that the impact of microfinance services on income and consumption is dependent on the initial endowment of the household and the length of time they have been clients of the institution. It is also affected by how efficient they are in the management of the sourced resource and also the profitability of the sector they invest in. Availability of Social amenities and a cheaper source of factors of production also influence income. According to Akanji (2002), the poor make effective use of the credit facilities and not only are they willing to pay the high interest rate on loan, they also in no time make enough returns to run a savings account with the MFI. It should also be noted that the conversion of the poor who were formerly economic liabilities into profit making micro-entrepreneurs have a positive impact on the financial system and consequently begins the process of economic growth by bring its full physical and human resources into productive use (Kamath, 2008). METHODOLOGY Not many literature are available as regard the relationship between microfinance and economic growth, therefore the study will rely much on theoretical framework in order to understand the link between microfinance and economic growth. Both Primary and Secondary sources of data will be used and Questionnaires will be sent out to have a direct feedback from the beneficiary of the scheme while previous studies and findings as regards the Nigerian economy will also be put into use in order to determine a theoretical association between Microfinance and Economic Growth. It should be noted that the two main variables in this dissertation is Microfinance and Economic growth. The choice of Nigeria as a case study was borne out of the fact that the country has recently had its microfinance regulations tuned to enable it play its role in serving its targeted market effectively. An increase in the growth of microfinance institutions in the country has also made them better established and competitive, giving the erstwhile neglected micro-entrepreneurs a choice. The relationship between financial system and economic growth will be first examined and in the second part, microfinance, alongside its associated theories will be explored to determine their impact on Economic Growth. The third part will be about examining the impact of theoretical macro-level effect on the case study, which is Nigeria. Its effect on the case study will help in reshaping the theoretical framework which will be the basis for conclusion. To determine the impact of Microfinance on economic growth, micro credit disbursement from 2000 to 2009 will be analyzed using both non-parametric and parametric test methods. The parametric test involves regressing the dependent variable (GDP from 2000-2009) against the explanatory variable (micro-credit disbursements) to ascertain if its significant and provide explanatory power for economic growth. While the Chi-square method of non-parametric test will be used to examine the questionnaire to determine if there is any association between Microfinance and economic growth. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES This Objective of this dissertation to answer the following questions: Is there a relationship between microfinance and Nigerias economic growth between 2000-2009? Does investment of micro-credit into commerce contribute more to economic growth than other sectors? Does microfinance have an effect on the financial system? Does an increase in the number of Microfinance Institutions result to an increase in economic growth? POTENTIAL PROBLEM The potential problems envisaged in this research work is the availability of data from microfinance institutions in Nigeria as a large number of them do not have access to the internet and so do not post their information online. This brings about another problem, which is the distance between my place of study and the location of the case study. The relative scarcity of research on this area of study also creates a problem of limited materials. However, I have devised solutions for each of the problem. Most of my materials will be sourced from the Microfinance Unit of the Other-Financial -Institutions department of the Central Bank of Nigeria, as they have unhindered access to records of every Microfinance Institution operating in Nigeria. Most of my materials will be sent online while I will make use of a cheap and reliable courier service for my questionnaires. Also, the available materials online will be coupled with those sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Library and Dat a collected on the MFIs. RESOURCES REQUIRED The main resources needed are data on Nigerias GDP, list of MFIs presently operating, records of loan disbursement by MFIs, records of total amount set aside for Small and Medium Scale Enterprise by the nations commercial banks. All of these will be sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria, while Past Studies and other literature will be freely assessed through the school library. The Questionnaires will be sent through mail and returned through courier. Estimated cost at conclusion is  £250, which includes cost of printing and binding, as well as courier cost. WORKPLAN ITEM PARTICULARS NOTES TIME FRAME 1. Dissertation Proposal Submission May 5, 2010 2. Literature review Sourcing of materials and review of literature July 4- 16, 2010 3. Submission of preliminary literature review to my supervisor, and making suggested corrections June 17- 20, 2010 4. Methodology Reading on Methodology and structuring of theoretical framework June 20- 24, 2010 5. Submission of proposed methodology to supervisor, and making suggested amendments. July 25-June 28, 2010 6. Questionnaire Devise Questionnaire June 29-30, 2010 7. Submission of questionnaire to supervisor, and making suggested amendments July 1-5 2010 8. Questionnaire distribution July 6, 2010 9. Collection of all other needed data and further review of past literature July 7-20 2010 10 Collection of questionnaires and analysis of findings July 21- 25, 2010 11. Data Analysis July 26- 30, 2010 12. Interpretation of Findings. August 1-5, 2010 13. Formulation of Conclusion August 6-10,2010 14. Abstract, and appendix and referenced materials arrangement August 11- 15 15. Updating and Review Review with Supervisor August 16-20, 2010 16. Self review and amendment August 21-25, 2010 17. Final review with supervisor and proof-reading August 26-28,2010 18. Printing and Binding Printing and Binding August 29, 2010 19. Submission Submission at the PG office September 2, 2010. EXPECTED OUTPUT The output, which is the conclusion of this dissertation, is expected to help the Government in its activities aimed at the nations economic development. It will also guide them in effective channeling of resources aimed at poverty alleviation. MFI administrators will also benefit from this work as it will help them in making decisions on how to enlarge their area of coverage and to also record higher returns through provision of other services. Donor Agencies and International institutions will also discover opportunities for helping in the economic growth and empowering the poor. Lastly, this study is expected to pilot other studies in this area and form a basis on which other people discover more efficient and effective ways of making microfinance have a lasting positive impact on economic growth.

Flower Imagery in The Stone Angel :: Stone Angel

Flower Imagery in The Stone Angel Margaret Laurence uses flower imagery in her novel The Stone Angel to represent Hagar's way of life. There are two types of flowers, wild and civilized. These two types of flowers are associated with the educated, controlled way of life and the material way of life. In summer the cemetery was rich and thick as syrup with the funeral-parlor perfume of the planted peonies, dark crimson and wallpaper pink, the pompous blossoms hanging leadenly, too heavy for their light stems, bowed down with the weight of themselves and the weight of the rain, infested with upstart ants that sauntered through the plush petals as though to the manner born . . . But sometimes through to hot rush of disrespectful wind whtat shook the scrub oak and the coarse couchgrass encroaching upon the dutifully cared for habitations of the dead, the scent of the cowslips woud rise monentarily. They were though-rooted, these wild and gaudy flowers, and altough they were held back at the cemetery's edge, torn out by loving relatives determined to keep the plots clear and clealy civilized, for a second or two a person walking there could catch the faint, muskey, dust-tinged smell of things that grew and had grown always, before the portly peonies and the angels with rigid wings, wh en the prarie bluffs were walked though only by Cree with enigmatic faces and greasy hair. (p. 4-5) Hagar was the lucky one in her family. She was able to go to college where she learned how to be more cultivated and civilized and how to act like a lady. Nothing seems to be natural about her, she criticizes everything that seems to be wild or out of control. When Hagar marries Bram Shipley, she is content and in love. It was spring that day, a differnt spring from this one. The poplar bluffs had budded with sticky leaves, and the forgs had come back to te sloughs and sang like choruses of angels with sore throats, an th mars marigolds were opening like shavings of sun on the brown river where the dadpoles danced and the bloodsuckers lay slimy and low, waiting fo the boy's feet. And i rode int blacke-topped buggy beside the man who was no my mate. (p. 50) After the wedding, Hagar becomes determined to change the way her husband behaves.

A Cultural Problem, an Economic Crisis Essay -- Economics Finance

In the past two years, Western society has experienced what many of its leaders have called the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. At the very least, it has been the worst period of instability that our younger generations have ever seen in their lifetimes. But unlike other financial crises that have largely been triggered by external forces, such as the oil embargoes of the 1970’s, this latest one was a product of our own internal policies and practices; even more so, of our cultural outlooks on the very notion of finance, credit, and debt itself. Specifically, the financial crisis that has just come to pass was the result of the new culture of neo-liberalism and the hyper-individuality and debt-based consumption that it brought with it. What’s worse is that, without an admission of this new culture, or any effort to change it, our current economic system will be regularly plagued with such crises from here on into the future. Before any efforts can be made towards a cultural shift however, we must first understand, at least briefly, the current socio-political ideas that are creating such issues in the modern western market. As Kotz and McDonough put it, â€Å"the concept of ‘global neo-liberalism’ best captures the contemporary social reality.† This ‘new social reality’ was, as they put it, a return to older liberalism, and a retreat from the more government-controlled, Keynesian style of the post-war years. With this relaxing of government control or influence over the markets, we saw an emergence of a new individualistic, and privatized outlook on the market system. Neo-liberalism as doctrine, creed, or culture, or whatever you may call it, became almost something of a throwback to the early days of capitalism... ...olitical Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. Dumenil, Gerard and Levy, Dominique. â€Å"The economics of US imperialism at the turn of the 21st century,† Review of International Political Economy, 11:4 (2004), pp. 657-676. Retrieved from EBSCO, 21 April 2010. Eichengreen, Barry. â€Å"The Last Temptations of Risk,† National Interest, 101 (2009), pp. 8-14. Retrieved from EBSCO, 21 April 2010. McDonough, Terrence, Michael Reich and David M. Kotz, eds. Contemporary Capitalism and Its Crises: Social Structure of Accumulation Theory for the 21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Smart, Barry. Economy, Culture and Society: A sociological critique of neo-liberalism. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2003. Westra, Richard, ed. Confronting Global Neoliberalism: Third World Resistance and Development Strategies. Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2010.

Mr Know All

(for working with Lesson 2 – end) by Adele Raemer – [email  protected] co. il Lesson 2 Workpage 10 points each answer 1. Where does the story take place? In what year? 2. What does the opening paragraph tell us about the speaker and his attitude? 3. In the second paragraph the speaker says that he doesn't like Mr. Kelada. What doesn't he like about him? 4. When Mr. Kelada introduces himself to the narrator, the narrator says that he â€Å"asked if he was right in thinking my name was so and so. † Why doesn't the narrator bother to tell us his own name? 5.In the conversation that follows this introduction, the narrator is surprised to find out that Mr. Kelada is English. Why is he so surprised? Why does the writer describe his question as being asked â€Å"rather tactlessly†? 6. What impression is created by Mr. Kelada's behavior at this first meeting? 7. Where does the narrator suspect that Mr. Kelada was born? How do you know? Vocabulary work: Use the f ollowing words in a sentence to show that you understand them: (5 points for each sentence) 1. accommodation 2. berth 3. port-hole 4. gestures 5. exuberant 6. flask Extra credit question: (10 points) rite down as many words or phrases that you can find that show that the narrator was prejudiced against Mr. Kelada. Explain why they show prejudice. Lesson 3 – Mr. Know-All (for working with ECB Anthology- questions from EMT) Workpage (Answer on a separate page in complete sentences. ) 1. What is special about Mrs. Ramsay? 2. What kind of man is Mr. Ramsay? 3. Write down at least 3 things that Mr. Kelada did that annoyed the narrator. 4. Which of those could be considered cultural difference, and which were just a part of his personality that clashed with that of the narrator's? 5. Describe Mr. and Mrs.Ramsay. How do you think that author feels about them? (Find quotations to support your answer. ) Extra credit: (Answer EITHER 6 OR 7) 1. Why does the narrator call Mr. Kelada :â⠂¬ The best hated man on the ship? † (EMT p. 177; ECB p. 37 line 110) 2. Vocabulary work: Use the following words in a sentence to show that you understand them: 1. airs (EMT p. 176; ECB p. 36 line 72) 2. snub (EMT p. 177; ECB p. 37 line 99) 3. intolerable (EMT p. 177; ECB p. 37 line 113 ) 4. loquacious (EMT p. 177; ECB p. 37 line 115) 5. argumentative (EMT p. 177; ECB p. 37 line 115) Ques. 1-5 are worth 20 points eachExtra credit question is worth an additional 10 points. |Mr. Kelada sees Mrs. Ramsay's chain of pearls. | [pic] | | [pic] | | [pic] | | [pic] | | [pic] | [pic] | | [pic] | | [pic] | | [pic] | | [pic] | [pic] | | [pic] | | [pic] | | [pic] | | [pic] |Mr. Kelada says that he is mistaken. | Lesson 4 1. Using the flow chart, fill in what happens from the point when Kelada sees Mrs.Ramsay's chain of pearls, to the point when he says he is mistaken. 2. Why does Mrs. Ramsay â€Å"retire with a headache†? 3. In the last paragraph the narrator says, â €Å"At that moment I did not entirely dislike Mr. Kelada†. Has the narrator changed at all during the story? What are your feelings towards Mrs. Ramsay, Mr. Kelada and the narrator by the end of the story? 4. Why did Mr. Kelada decide to protect Mrs. Ramsay? What does this tell us about him? 5. What is Mrs. Ramsay's reaction at the end of the story? Why is the name on the envelope written in â€Å"block letters†? How does this make you react to Mrs.Ramsay? Extra credit question (10 points) 6. What do cultured and real pearls symbolize in the story? Lesson 5 1. Look for and list the cultural differences between the narrator, Mr. Ramsay and Mr. Kelada. 2. Discuss cultural differences between you, as Israelis, and those seen in the characters. With whom do you feel closest? Why? 3. Why is the story told in the first person? What effect does it have on us, the readers? 4. The following are very British expressions. Find them in the text, and think of another way to say the same thing (in English). jolly glad – (EMT p. 175; ECB p. 35) ather – (EMT p. 175 ; ECB p. 35) chap – (EMT p. 177, ECB p. 38 ) fetch – (EMT p. 178 , ECB p. 38) rot – (EMT p. 179 , ECB p. 40) had been caught out – (EMT p. 180, ECB p. 41) retire – (EMT p. 180, ECB p. 41) 5. Find examples of sarcasm in the story. Final Assessment (Individual work) Choose ONE of the following 4 questions, and record your answer on a tape. Your answer must cover all of the aspects of the question, and show that you understood the story. It must last between 3 and 5 minutes. 1. Pretend that you are Mr. Kelada, and tell the story to your friend in Japan (from your – Mr.Kelada's – point of view). 2. Answer the following questions orally: a. Why is the story told in the first person, and why aren't we told the narrator's name? b. Why did the narrator decide that he disliked Mr. Kelada even before he met him? What does this tell you about him? Do you think the writer was trying to say something about the British, in general? 3. Describe the 3 different stereotypes that the writer shows in this story. 4. Mr. Kelada / Mrs. Ramsay Why did Mr. Kelada decide to protect Mrs. Ramsay? What does this tell about him? What does Mrs. Ramsay do in return?What do you think about her reaction? Criteria for grade (according to oral bag. scales): show familiarity with the characters and the story discuss the questions fluently discuss the questions with a minimum of grammatical mistakes remain within the given time (1 1/2 – 3 minutes) Evaluation page for group work (Mr. Know All final activity) Name of group observer:__________________ Names of group members: ___________________________________________________________ If the answer is YES – put a check in the box. If it is NO – leave the box empty. In some cases, there may be more than one YES answer. I.Evaluation for answering the questions: 1. My group read, understoo d and followed the instructions. [ ] 2. My group decided together who would answer next- there was no real leader. [ ] 3. One person from my group decided to take charge (be the leader) , and organize the turns. [ ] 4. My group decided together on a leader, who organized the turns. [ ] 5. My group worked more efficiently / the same / less efficiently than they did in the first activity. Explain______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ II.Evaluation for group discussion My group†¦ 1. . †¦ discussed the question in an organized manner, taking turns. [ ] 2. †¦ discussed the question in an unorganized manner – each person spoke when they felt that had something to say. [ ] 3. †¦ discussed the question in Hebrew. [ ] 4. †¦ discussed the question in English. [ ] 5. How did the group decide who would be the secretary [ ] ___________________________________________________ III. My group discussed the following questions: #1. Thoroughly / Superficially / Didn't have enough time #2.Thoroughly / Superficially / Didn't have enough time #3. Thoroughly / Superficially / Didn't have enough time #4. Thoroughly / Superficially / Didn't have enough time #5. Thoroughly / Superficially / Didn't have enough time IV. Summary: yes no Do you feel that your group worked in an efficient manner? ? ? How could they have been more efficient? _______________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Do you think they did this activity more efficiently than they did the first time? yes no ? Explain. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Your opinion I li ked / didn't like being the group evaluator. Why_______________________________________________________ I learned something / nothing about working in groups by being the evaluator. Please write anything else that you have to say here :

Jean Paul Sartre Essay

For Jean Paul Sartre, existence meant to become progressively more individualistic (Sartre, 175). Sartre believed this individualistic existence caused everyone to travel along a path toward self-realization and this process, he noted, had three stages. These stages being, Ethical, Religious and Aesthetic, as â€Å"All human beings are currently at one of this stages, depending on the extent to which they have achieved their life-project (Sartre, 175). † By more individualistic, Kiekega means that through each stage individual gain a higher understanding of self than they had before and it is through the privileged perspective provided by the assessment of and graduation from the previous stage that allows the person to attain this new form of self. Sartre goes on to further note that, â€Å"Each stage is a way of seeing life, a way of understanding the world. They are different ways of living out one’s existence, independent spheres of life, situations which embody a certain stability. Living fully in the aesthetic sphere will never lead to the ethical one, and the upholding of ethics will never open the door to religion. † He closes by pointing out that no one stage can completely dominate and individual’s life and if one were to allows this to happen they would stay stagnant and not progress through the stages. The first stage of Sartre’s progression of existential stages is aesthetics recognized as the ‘immersion in sensuous experience; valorization of possibility over actuality; egotism; fragmentation of the subject of experience; nihilistic wielding of irony and skepticism; and flight from boredom (Stanford, p1). † This stage of existence is a very selfish one that involves excessive self-indulgence. Sartre refers to temptation and the appreciation and distraction of beauty a lot in this section. Ethics in Sartre’s work has more than one meaning, â€Å"It is used to denote both: (i) a limited existential sphere, or stage, which is superseded by the higher stage of the religious life; and (ii) an aspect of life which is retained even within the religious life (Stanford, p1). † This is basically the stage where one starts to asses their life and view themselves objectively. It is recognized as the stage of reasoning this stage is ‘limited’ in that it is the stage that comes before the religious stage, but it is retained within the religious stage in that the traits used in the ethical stage must also be used to make the valuable choices in the religious stage. Ultimately the final obligation to transition from Ethics into the religious stage is to completely relinquish one’s reliance on reason for one’s trust in faith. The final stage of existence that Sartre recognizes is the stage of Religion, and specifically Christianity. Sartre believed the most important aspect of this stage, and in life in general, was faith and the passion one has for being morally responsible. It is also in this stage that Sartre stresses the value of choice. As noted, â€Å"Anxiety is a two-sided emotion: on one side is the dread burden of choosing for eternity; on the other side is the exhilaration of freedom in choosing oneself. Choice occurs in the instant, which is the point at which time and eternity intersect — for the individual creates through temporal choice a self which will be judged for eternity (Stanford, p1). † Here we see the concept of self changing once again and the self that was once perceived objectively with eyes looking from the Ethical stage onto the aesthetic stage from a more intellectual position, now in the religious stage is much more spiritual. Aesthetics/Ethics It is through the stage of ethics that aesthetics is recognized for its shallow and delusional ways. â€Å"This type of aestheticism is criticized from the point of view of ethics. It is seen to be emptily self-serving and escapist. It is a despairing means of avoiding commitment and responsibility (Stanford, p1). † Despite the selfish nature of the aesthetic stage Keirkegaard does not completely disregard its value, he recognizes that the aesthetic stage of existence is what makes the higher stages of existence necessary. This can specifically been seen with the transitional relationship between the aesthetic stage and the ethical stage. The stages work together by canceling each other out within other stages. For example, it’s noted in Sartre’s pseudo-dialectic that â€Å"the aesthetic and the ethical are both annulled and preserved in their synthesis in the religious stage. † This is how the transition between the ethical and the religious stage comes about in that the religious stage encompasses room for both previous stages within its borders. Descartes like Sartre is a highly respected philosophical thinker. His most famous work Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations On First Philosophy). Published in 1641, poses the main argument that â€Å"Every belief based on the senses (beliefs about the external world) is such that we could conceive it to be false (Descartes, p1). † By the external world being debatable, then one is forced to contemplate and examine the existence of reality. This closely relates to Sartre’s’s concept that the aesthetic stage can only be assessed from the ethical stage. Descartes adopts the ideal that one can only know they exist for sure through the process of examination one’s life through thought, because the existence of one’s thoughts is undeniable and not debatable. I can relate to Sartre’s ideas in that they are universal and applicable to every individual. The main concept they teach is the value of moderation. The fact that no one stage can on its own dominate one’s life completely. The religious stage is not at all relevant in one’s life without the conflict drawn from the clash between the aesthetic and the ethical. Without the aesthetic there is no need to stop outside of one’s own pursuit of personal pleasure to become self-aware, and without this reasoning one c an never become aware of the choices available to them to achieve salvation in the religious stage. I do think since Sartre was such a proponent of the Christian faith, there is no reason why his thinking can’t be promoted more in the church. For the most part many Christian churches avoid this type of in depth assessment as it pertains to individual growth. In sum, Sartre’s philosophies have stood the test of time because they are still applicable. His work pays homage to Descartes, as well as Socrates, who both promote the importance of the examined life. Walking through one’s life blindly only in the pursuit of meager pleasures or even over analyzing one’s every experience without fully embracing the moment, both can be detrimental to the value of one’s existence. Sartre, like many of the philosophers before him, has setup a model that all individuals can live by, and each stage feeds off the one prior. In addition to teaching that there is a value in our actions, Sartre also proves that there is a path to better understanding of one’s self through the constant self-evalutions of those actions. Work Cited SARTRE, S. , La maladie a la mort, in Oeuvres Completes, Editions de L’Orante, Paris, 1984, vol. 16, p. 175. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy â€Å"Jean Paul Sartre† First published Tue Dec 3, 1996; substantive revision Fri May 8, 2009 (Stanford, 2009)

Charles darwin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Charles darwin - Essay Example This governmental body has set safety standards which are to be followed by all the companies and the safety and health professionals have to ensure that these standards are being followed and obeyed by every company. The article â€Å"Importance of safety consideration in site layout and organization† is written by Anumba and Bishop. The article was published in the Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering in the year 1997. The article discusses the facts that generally at the time of laying out the site plan are ignored and it has been mentioned that these facts are very important to be considered in the practical implementation. It has been discussed that in general no company focusses much on safety methods that must be adopted. Here it has been mentioned that occupational safety and health professionals must keep a proper check on such companies and proper action must be taken against such companies (Anumba & Bishop, 1997). Safety and health professionals are responsible for planning out and formulating the rules and standards that are to be set for the employees. They have to first plan out a team of highly professional and experienced professionals which would work together as a team to formulate the points and rules and finalize them, then a team must be developed which would ensure that the rules and standards set by the agency are being implemented or not. While planning and formulating the rules it must be made sure that the rules that are being designed must be practically applicable and can be applied to all organizations and firms (Bailey, 2008). Each and every aspect regarding health care issues must be kept under consideration and all sorts of companies and firms must be kept in view while designing the rules and points of the act. It is the responsibility and duty of the health and safety professionals to design such rules and set such standards that each and every employee feels safe and secure while working in the workplace environment. Safety

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Management - Research Paper Example These four functional areas are subdivided into a large number of narrow business functions specific to each functional area. It has been observed that business organizes their structure according to business functions. The business functions which are associated with production management includes the management of material, carry out research and development for refining existing product lines or developing new products. It also includes the task of conducting various quality control tests to ensure customer satisfaction. Thus, the functional area of production management deals with planning the plant layout and deciding about plant locations for different products (Elsy, 2009). The functional area of marketing management includes the business functions of marketing a product to the targeted consumer segments, sales forecasting, providing customer support and conducting promotional activities, taking sales orders and customer relationship management. Marketing management also involves the responsibility of conducing market research to collect and analyze data about the demand for the products and also the marketing strategies of competitors in similar markets. This also helps the management to design effective marketing mix to promote new products in existing markets or to introduce the existing products in new markets (Lussier, 2011; Boldi, Santini & Vigna, 2009). The accounting and finance functional area includes the business functions of financial accounting, allocation of funds for various activities and projects, planning, budgeting and control of funds and cash-flow management. It also deals with the various direct and indirect taxes that the organization needs to pay. The functional area of human resource management deals with the effective utilization of manpower. Human resources personnel are involved in the processes of recruitment and selection, training

Target Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Target Corporation - Essay Example Target Corp. used credit lending as a form of ensuring there is return and profit from the credit. However, this happened at a time when there was an ongoing credit crisis. What comes out, therefore, is a possible scrutiny of the customers who were offered the credit that made the company so confident that there would be a return even if the general economic status was not friendly (Palepu & Healy, 2012). Second, is the issue of getting rid of credit defaulters in a corporation? For quite sometimes, the company has been engaged in a defaulter eradication process that has left Target dealing with only trusted clients with whom it was easy and safe to trust the credit. The third point that comes out from the article is the credibility of the company’s evaluation system that was able to predict returns on lending for a second time at a time when the credit market is in crisis. This reduced the losses because of client’s payment problems as well as renegotiations of terms of receivable because of customer’s difficulty. The fourth point to reflect on is the future of a risky process like this. Although Target showed considerably good profits from the process, there are concerns about the company’s sales, which have been on credit rather than on cash. When a company keeps adding on the bad-loans reserve, the losses are sure to catch up with the credit losses that will make the process unsustainable and lead to failure (Kieso, Weygandt & Warfield,

Assessing IT Security Measures of HSBC Bank Coursework

Assessing IT Security Measures of HSBC Bank - Coursework Example Pre defined and anticipated risks have to be assessed meticulously and the adequacy of safety measures has to be ascertained to incorporate all the necessary and change and improvements required in the security systems. This current study aims to identify the various security issues that have blemished HSBC’s image and status in the recent past. The report also features the security policy that has been redefined by the organization in order to mitigate the anticipated risks along with the advanced security features that have been installed in the systems for assuring safety and security to its clients. INTRODUCTION HSBC has encountered numerous instances of data theft that has affected thousands of customers. Data reveals that almost 24,000 clients have suffered financial losses. In the year 2006, almost 9000 customers holding an account in HSBC Switzerland had their account data pilfered (Barrett L, 2010). After such incidents, it became necessary for the bank to incorporate significant improvements to its data security measures and the system as a whole involving technology in order to upgrade the current status. Such revisions added to the overall cost burden of the organization almost $93 million (Barrett L, 2010). ... However such information was shared between the administrators and home office staff that created unwanted problems for the firm. After analyzing the current case, it can be said that security issues have greatly tarnished the organization’s reputation and image. A huge amount of fine the largest fine ever imposed in UK, approximately 5% million dollars was forced on three HSBC firms for implementing ineffective and inadequate security measures (Barrett L, 2010). LITERATURE REVIEW There are numerous threats faced by an organization in the modern times, but till now there has been no single or uniform strategy that could be adopted by organizations as one comprehensive policy to resolve the issues or mitigate the challenges right from hardware to software, from core to application and from local issues to broad network problems ( Chen L, Dan Feng D & Ming L, 2007). With the rapid advancement and growth in the IT sector, parallel developments have also been witnessed in their il legal and unethical use (Ditzion R, Geddes E, & Rhodes M, 2003; Maher M K & Thompson J. M, 2002). The negative consequences of cyber crime are tremendous causing financial and economic loss both to the organization as well as the economy. The irony is that such crimes require too less a resources and equally low technical expertise. Past data reveals that almost 5percent of US based organizations including banks have been attached by computer virus and hackers which have caused huge losses to the firms and their clients (Barr K, Beiting M & Grezeskinski A, 2003). In a research conducted by Meier D, Mackman A, Dunner M, Vasireddy S, Escamilla R & Murukan A (2006), a systematic process of an attacker’s methodology was analyzed in-depth

English Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

English Composition - Essay Example She returns home, feeling as though she had finished play her role and must pass it on to someone else. What this shows is that by listening in to others, she is able to grasp a little in regards to herself. The point of view is third person, which means the viewing is limited. We are unable to understand how everyone else is acting in the park. The main character is Miss Brill, who appears to be a lonely woman who is fascinated by the world around her. She spends a lot of her time people-watching and inconspicuously blending in with others. The other two characters that had a significance were the young couple; all that could be gathered about them is their dislike for how very few young people were at the park. The other characters consisted of the rest of the park-goers, minding their own business and doing their own thing. The short story takes place in a cheery, bright park on a slightly chilly autumn afternoon. The conflict, however, contradicts the setting. When Miss Brill first comes, she sits and ponders the amount of old people on that particular day. She separates herself from the rest of them, finding them to just be other interesting specimens in her people-watching. After the arrival of the young couple, though, they make her feel as old as she made the other park patrons out to be. She feels the urge to cry, but insists that it is something else. This does not last long, and she eventually gives in to the fact that she must have missed something this morning, something that had been there for a while but never took the time to notice. The dark, depressing conflict contrasted oddly with a beautiful Sunday in the park. The tone of the story was that of false hope. Miss Brill felt sad throughout the story, but kept calling it hope, or the need to sing. "And when she breathed, something light and sad - no, not sad, exactly - something gentle

Schools as Organisations Essay Example for Free

Schools as Organisations Essay Outcome 1 1. 3) Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults. The opportunities for pupils aged 16 and over have traditionally been either to leave school and start employment, or to stay and continue with their education. Although many pupils do still choose one of these options, it is likely there will be more opportunities available as there has been an increased government focus on and funding of education for 14 to 19 year olds, and in particular a focus on reducing the number of young people not in education, and employment or training post 16. Under the old labour government it was that by the end of the September of the year that each young person leaves compulsory education, they will have a place in further learning available. The September guarantee was implemented nationally in 2007 and was later extended so that 17 year olds who have completed a short course or have chosen to leave the activity they selected on completing school will have the opportunity to extend their learning. The September guarantee Under the last labour government, the guarantee was the following: Full or part-time education in school, Sixth Form College, independent learning provider or Further Education College. An apprenticeship or programme-led apprenticeship, which must include both the training element and a job or work placement. Entry to employment. Employment with training to NVQ level 2 The reason behind these requirements is that by 2013, all pupils will be required to continue in education or training to at least 17 years of age. This does not mean that they will be required to remain in school, but they should be following one of the pathways above. It is possible that under the new government these may change.